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Coffee plants were replaced by tea and rubber plantations. These were later wiped out by coffee rust. Unlike the previous rulers, the British embarked on a plantation programme which initially brought coffee plantations to the island. The multiracial population of Ceylon was numerous enough to support the European colonists the Portuguese and the Dutch offspring of the past 440 odd years of colonial history was large enough to run a stable government. Source: Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka See also: Burgher People Historical population Year The opening of coffee and tea plantations, road development schemes, the establishment of hospitals and maternity homes throughout the island, were just some of the major works undertaken by the British who ruled Sri Lanka. The laying of the railway was carried out during the Governorship of Sir Henry Ward. The spice was extremely valuable, and the British East India Company began to cultivate it from 1767, but Ceylon remained the main producer until the end of the 18th century With its trading ports of Trincomalee and Colombo, the colony was one of the very few sources of cinnamon in the world. This made possible export production of plantation agriculture, as well as tighter military control. They used local informants and British surveyors to map the island, then built a network of roads to open the central region. Mendis in his book, Ceylon Under the British, that the British used geographical knowledge to defeat the Kandyan holdouts in the mountainous and jungle areas in the centre of Ceylon. Sivasundaram argues, reinforcing analysis first made by famed local historian, G.C.
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The British Crown annexed the Kingdom of Kandy to British Ceylon in 1817. However it was the last uprising of this kind and in the Uva Province a scorched earth policy was pursued, and all males between 15 and 60 years were driven out, exiled or killed. The rebellion, which soon developed into a guerrilla war of the kind the Kandyans had fought against European powers for centuries, was centred on the Kandyan nobility and their unhappiness with developments under British rule since 1815. The main cause of the rebellion was the British authorities' failure to protect and uphold the customary Buddhist traditions, which were viewed by the islanders as an integral part of their lives. Discontent with British activities soon boiled over into open rebellion, commencing in the duchy of Uva in 1817, so-called the Uva Rebellion, also known as the Third Kandyan War. Soon the Kandyans rebelled against the British and waged a guerrilla war. It took the ruling families of Kandy less than two years to realise that the authority of the British government was a fundamentally different one to that of the (deposed) Nayakkar dynasty. The Kandyan Convention is an important legal document because it specifies the conditions which the British promised for the Kandyan territory. The Buddhist religion was to be given protection by the Crown, and Christianity would not be imposed on the population, as had happened during Portuguese and Dutch rule. The Kandyan treaty which was signed in 1815 was called the Kandyan Convention and stated the terms under which the Kandyans would live as a British protectorate. This ended the line of the kingdom of Kandy and King Rajasinghe was taken as a prisoner, ending his hope that the British would allow him to retain power.
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A successful coup was organised by the Sinhala chiefs in which they accepted the British Crown as their new sovereign. The king, who was of South Indian ancestry, faced powerful chieftains and sought cruel measures to repress their popularity with the people. The rule of King Sri Vikrama Rajasinghe was not favoured by his chieftains.